diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/SignalGlideComponents.java b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/SignalGlideComponents.java
index 0b8f80fde9..0c10cc5410 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/SignalGlideComponents.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/SignalGlideComponents.java
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.giph.model.ChunkedImageUrl;
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.ApngDrawableTranscoder;
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.ApngFrameDrawableTranscoder;
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder;
-import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.ApngInputStreamResourceDecoder;
+import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.EncryptedApngCacheDecoder;
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.ByteBufferApngDecoder;
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.EncryptedApngCacheEncoder;
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache.EncryptedApngResourceEncoder;
@@ -93,10 +93,9 @@ public class SignalGlideComponents implements RegisterGlideComponents {
 
 
     if (SignalStore.labs().getNewApngRenderer()) {
-      registry.prepend(InputStream.class, ApngDecoder.class, new ApngInputStreamResourceDecoder());
       registry.prepend(InputStreamFactory.class, ApngDecoder.class, new ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder());
       registry.prepend(ApngDecoder.class, new EncryptedApngResourceEncoder(secret));
-      registry.prepend(File.class, ApngDecoder.class, new EncryptedCacheDecoder<>(secret, new ApngInputStreamResourceDecoder()));
+      registry.prepend(File.class, ApngDecoder.class, new EncryptedApngCacheDecoder(secret));
       registry.register(ApngDecoder.class, Drawable.class, new ApngDrawableTranscoder());
     } else {
       ByteBufferApngDecoder    byteBufferApngDecoder    = new ByteBufferApngDecoder();
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder.kt b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder.kt
index 52ee9d90c4..4e519fd2a4 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder.kt
@@ -9,10 +9,8 @@ import com.bumptech.glide.load.Options
 import com.bumptech.glide.load.ResourceDecoder
 import com.bumptech.glide.load.engine.Resource
 import org.signal.apng.ApngDecoder
-import org.signal.core.util.readFully
 import org.signal.glide.apng.ApngOptions
 import org.signal.glide.common.io.InputStreamFactory
-import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
 import java.io.IOException
 
 class ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder : ResourceDecoder<InputStreamFactory, ApngDecoder> {
@@ -27,8 +25,7 @@ class ApngInputStreamFactoryResourceDecoder : ResourceDecoder<InputStreamFactory
 
   @Throws(IOException::class)
   override fun decode(source: InputStreamFactory, width: Int, height: Int, options: Options): Resource<ApngDecoder>? {
-    val data: ByteArray = source.create().readFully()
-    val decoder = ApngDecoder(ByteArrayInputStream(data))
-    return ApngResource(decoder, data.size)
+    val decoder = ApngDecoder.create { source.create() }
+    return ApngResource(decoder)
   }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngInputStreamResourceDecoder.kt b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngInputStreamResourceDecoder.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a80526155..0000000000
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngInputStreamResourceDecoder.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2024 Signal Messenger, LLC
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
- */
-
-package org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache
-
-import com.bumptech.glide.load.Options
-import com.bumptech.glide.load.ResourceDecoder
-import com.bumptech.glide.load.engine.Resource
-import org.signal.apng.ApngDecoder
-import org.signal.core.util.readFully
-import org.signal.core.util.stream.LimitedInputStream
-import org.signal.glide.apng.ApngOptions
-import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
-import java.io.IOException
-import java.io.InputStream
-
-class ApngInputStreamResourceDecoder : ResourceDecoder<InputStream, ApngDecoder> {
-  companion object {
-    /** Set to match [com.bumptech.glide.load.data.InputStreamRewinder]'s read limit  */
-    private const val READ_LIMIT: Long = 5 * 1024 * 1024
-  }
-
-  override fun handles(source: InputStream, options: Options): Boolean {
-    return if (options.get(ApngOptions.ANIMATE)!!) {
-      ApngDecoder.isApng(LimitedInputStream(source, READ_LIMIT))
-    } else {
-      false
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Throws(IOException::class)
-  override fun decode(source: InputStream, width: Int, height: Int, options: Options): Resource<ApngDecoder>? {
-    val data: ByteArray = source.readFully()
-    val decoder = ApngDecoder(ByteArrayInputStream(data))
-    return ApngResource(decoder, data.size)
-  }
-}
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngResource.kt b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngResource.kt
index c21de6eae4..3f0174e466 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngResource.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/ApngResource.kt
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ package org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache
 import com.bumptech.glide.load.engine.Resource
 import org.signal.apng.ApngDecoder
 
-class ApngResource(private val decoder: ApngDecoder, private val size: Int) : Resource<ApngDecoder> {
+class ApngResource(private val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Resource<ApngDecoder> {
   override fun getResourceClass(): Class<ApngDecoder> = ApngDecoder::class.java
 
   override fun get(): ApngDecoder = decoder
 
-  override fun getSize(): Int = size
+  override fun getSize(): Int = 0
 
   override fun recycle() {
-    decoder.inputStream.close()
+    decoder.close()
   }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/EncryptedApngCacheDecoder.kt b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/EncryptedApngCacheDecoder.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4d9c7b5af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/EncryptedApngCacheDecoder.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 Signal Messenger, LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+
+package org.thoughtcrime.securesms.glide.cache
+
+import com.bumptech.glide.load.Options
+import com.bumptech.glide.load.ResourceDecoder
+import com.bumptech.glide.load.engine.Resource
+import org.signal.apng.ApngDecoder
+import org.signal.core.util.logging.Log
+import org.signal.core.util.stream.LimitedInputStream
+import org.signal.glide.apng.ApngOptions
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.IOException
+
+internal class EncryptedApngCacheDecoder(private val secret: ByteArray) : EncryptedCoder(), ResourceDecoder<File, ApngDecoder> {
+
+  companion object {
+    private val TAG = Log.tag(EncryptedApngCacheDecoder::class.java)
+    private const val READ_LIMIT: Long = 5 * 1024 * 1024
+  }
+
+  override fun handles(source: File, options: Options): Boolean {
+    if (options.get(ApngOptions.ANIMATE) != true) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    return try {
+      createEncryptedInputStream(secret, source).use { inputStream ->
+        ApngDecoder.isApng(LimitedInputStream(inputStream, READ_LIMIT))
+      }
+    } catch (e: IOException) {
+      Log.w(TAG, e)
+      false
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Throws(IOException::class)
+  override fun decode(source: File, width: Int, height: Int, options: Options): Resource<ApngDecoder>? {
+    val decoder = ApngDecoder.create { createEncryptedInputStream(secret, source) }
+    return ApngResource(decoder)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/EncryptedApngResourceEncoder.kt b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/EncryptedApngResourceEncoder.kt
index f7d9e1fdba..d8bc8b5658 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/EncryptedApngResourceEncoder.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/glide/cache/EncryptedApngResourceEncoder.kt
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ internal class EncryptedApngResourceEncoder(private val secret: ByteArray) : Enc
 
   override fun encode(data: Resource<ApngDecoder>, file: File, options: Options): Boolean {
     try {
-      val input = data.get().inputStream
+      val input = data.get().streamFactory()
       val output = createEncryptedOutputStream(secret, file)
 
-      input.reset()
       input.copyTo(output)
+      input.close()
 
       return true
     } catch (e: IOException) {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/starred/StarredMessagesActivity.kt b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/starred/StarredMessagesActivity.kt
index 53d4fc57f8..ff8951669e 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/starred/StarredMessagesActivity.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/thoughtcrime/securesms/starred/StarredMessagesActivity.kt
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@ import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.stickers.StickerLocator
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.util.StickyHeaderDecoration
 import org.thoughtcrime.securesms.util.viewModel
 import java.util.Locale
-import org.signal.core.ui.R as CoreUiR
 
 class StarredMessagesActivity : PassphraseRequiredActivity() {
 
diff --git a/core/util-jvm/src/main/java/org/signal/core/util/InputStreamExtensions.kt b/core/util-jvm/src/main/java/org/signal/core/util/InputStreamExtensions.kt
index 9e10bb9ec9..55cdc38209 100644
--- a/core/util-jvm/src/main/java/org/signal/core/util/InputStreamExtensions.kt
+++ b/core/util-jvm/src/main/java/org/signal/core/util/InputStreamExtensions.kt
@@ -139,6 +139,27 @@ fun InputStream.copyTo(outputStream: OutputStream, closeInputStream: Boolean = t
   return StreamUtil.copy(this, outputStream, closeInputStream, closeOutputStream)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Skips exactly [n] bytes from this stream. Unlike [InputStream.skip], this method
+ * guarantees all bytes are skipped by looping and falling back to [read] if needed.
+ *
+ * @throws IOException if the stream ends before [n] bytes have been skipped.
+ */
+@Throws(IOException::class)
+fun InputStream.skipNBytesOrThrow(n: Long) {
+  var remaining = n
+  while (remaining > 0) {
+    val skipped = skip(remaining)
+    if (skipped > 0) {
+      remaining -= skipped
+    } else if (read() == -1) {
+      throw IOException("Stream ended before $n bytes could be skipped (${n - remaining} skipped)")
+    } else {
+      remaining--
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns true if every byte in this stream matches the predicate, otherwise false.
  */
diff --git a/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/DemoActivity.kt b/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/DemoActivity.kt
index bc6ee29500..812a850e4e 100644
--- a/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/DemoActivity.kt
+++ b/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/DemoActivity.kt
@@ -289,7 +289,8 @@ class DemoActivity : ComponentActivity() {
 
         description.text = testModel.description
 
-        val decoder = ApngDecoder(itemView.context.assets.open(testModel.filename))
+        val context = itemView.context
+        val decoder = ApngDecoder.create { context.assets.open(testModel.filename) }
         val drawable = ApngDrawable(decoder)
         image.setImageDrawable(drawable)
       }
diff --git a/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/PlayerActivity.kt b/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/PlayerActivity.kt
index a4f54ee5dd..c4ad79d0dd 100644
--- a/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/PlayerActivity.kt
+++ b/demo/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/PlayerActivity.kt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class PlayerActivity : ComponentActivity() {
     val nextButton = findViewById<Button>(R.id.next_button)
     frameMetadata = findViewById<TextView>(R.id.frame_metadata)
 
-    val decoder = ApngDecoder(assets.open("broken03.png"))
+    val decoder = ApngDecoder.create { assets.open("broken03.png") }
     val drawable = ApngDrawable(decoder).apply {
       stop()
       debugDrawBounds = true
diff --git a/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoder.kt b/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoder.kt
index a6e1087126..fa7578d423 100644
--- a/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoder.kt
+++ b/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoder.kt
@@ -10,22 +10,39 @@ import android.graphics.BitmapFactory
 import androidx.annotation.WorkerThread
 import org.signal.core.util.readNBytesOrThrow
 import org.signal.core.util.readUInt
+import org.signal.core.util.skipNBytesOrThrow
 import org.signal.core.util.stream.Crc32OutputStream
 import org.signal.core.util.toUInt
 import org.signal.core.util.toUShort
 import org.signal.core.util.writeUInt
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
+import java.io.Closeable
 import java.io.EOFException
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.io.InputStream
 import java.io.OutputStream
-import java.util.zip.CRC32
 
 /**
- * Full spec:
- * http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/
+ * A streaming APNG decoder that only holds lightweight metadata in memory.
+ *
+ * During [create], the stream is scanned once to record IHDR fields, prefix chunks
+ * (palette, gamma, etc.), and per-frame fcTL metadata + byte offsets into the stream
+ * where image data lives. No frame image data is retained.
+ *
+ * At draw time, [decodeFrame] opens a stream from the factory and reads forward to the
+ * requested frame's data. Since frames are almost always requested in order, each call
+ * reads forward from the current position. The stream is only reopened when the animation
+ * loops back to an earlier frame.
+ *
+ * Full spec: http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/
  */
-class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
+class ApngDecoder private constructor(
+  val streamFactory: () -> InputStream,
+  val metadata: Metadata,
+  val frames: List<Frame>,
+  private val ihdr: Chunk.IHDR,
+  private val prefixChunks: List<Chunk.ArbitraryChunk>
+) : Closeable {
 
   companion object {
     private val PNG_MAGIC = byteArrayOf(0x89.toByte(), 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A)
@@ -58,6 +75,226 @@ class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
       }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Scans the stream to build metadata, then closes it. No frame image data is retained.
+     */
+    @Throws(IOException::class)
+    fun create(streamFactory: () -> InputStream): ApngDecoder {
+      val inputStream = streamFactory()
+      try {
+        return scanMetadata(inputStream, streamFactory)
+      } finally {
+        inputStream.close()
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * So, PNG's are composed of chunks of various types. An APNG is a valid PNG on it's own, but has some extra
+     * chunks that can be read to play the animation. The chunk structure of an APNG looks something like this:
+     *
+     * ---------------------
+     * IHDR - Mandatory first chunk, contains metadata about the image (width, height, etc).
+     *
+     * [ in any order...
+     *   acTL - Contains metadata about the animation. The presence of this chunk is what tells us that we have an APNG.
+     *   fcTL - (Optional) If present, it tells us that the first IDAT chunk is part of the animation itself. Contains information about how the frame is
+     *          rendered (see below).
+     *   xxx - There are plenty of other possible chunks that can go here. We don't care about them, but we need to remember them and give them to the
+     *         PNG encoder as we create each frame. Could be critical data like what palette is used for rendering.
+     * ]
+     *
+     * IDAT - Contains the compressed image data. For an APNG, the first IDAT represents the "default" state of the image that will be shown even if the
+     *        renderer doesn't support APNGs. If an fcTL is present before this, the IDAT also represents the first frame of the animation.
+     *
+     * ( in pairs, repeated for each frame...
+     *   fcTL - This contains metadata about the frame, such as dimensions, delay, and positioning.
+     *   fdAT - This contains the actual frame data that we want to render.
+     * )
+     *
+     * xxx - There are other possible chunks that could be placed after the animation sequence but before the end of the file. Usually things like tEXt chunks
+     *       that contain metadata and whatnot. They're not important.
+     * IEND - Mandatory last chunk. Marks the end of the file.
+     * ---------------------
+     *
+     * We need to read and recognize a subset of these chunks that tell us how the APNG is structured. However, the actual encoding/decoding of the PNG data
+     * can be done by the system. We just need to parse out all of the frames and other metadata in order to render the animation.
+     *
+     * Unlike the old approach (which read all frame data into memory), this method only records byte offsets into the stream where frame data lives.
+     * The actual frame data is read on demand in [decodeFrame].
+     */
+    private fun scanMetadata(inputStream: InputStream, streamFactory: () -> InputStream): ApngDecoder {
+      val scanner = StreamScanner(inputStream)
+
+      // Read the magic bytes to verify that this is a PNG
+      val magic = scanner.readBytes(8)
+      if (!magic.contentEquals(PNG_MAGIC)) {
+        throw IllegalArgumentException("Not a PNG!")
+      }
+
+      // The IHDR chunk is the first chunk in a PNG file and contains metadata about the image.
+      // Per spec it must appear first, so if it's missing the file is invalid.
+      val ihdrLength = scanner.readUInt()
+      val ihdrType = scanner.readBytes(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
+      if (ihdrType != "IHDR") {
+        throw IOException("First chunk is not IHDR!")
+      }
+      val ihdrData = scanner.readBytes(ihdrLength.toInt())
+      scanner.skipBytes(4) // CRC
+
+      val ihdr = Chunk.IHDR(
+        width = ihdrData.sliceArray(0 until 4).toUInt(),
+        height = ihdrData.sliceArray(4 until 8).toUInt(),
+        bitDepth = ihdrData[8],
+        colorType = ihdrData[9],
+        compressionMethod = ihdrData[10],
+        filterMethod = ihdrData[11],
+        interlaceMethod = ihdrData[12]
+      )
+
+      // Next, we want to read all of the chunks up to the first IDAT chunk.
+      // The first IDAT chunk represents the default image, and possibly the first frame of the animation (depending on the presence of an fcTL chunk).
+      // In order for this to be a valid APNG, there _must_ be an acTL chunk before the first IDAT chunk.
+      val framePrefixChunks: MutableList<Chunk.ArbitraryChunk> = mutableListOf()
+      var earlyActl: Chunk.acTL? = null
+      var earlyFctl: Chunk.fcTL? = null
+
+      var chunkLength: UInt
+      var chunkType: String
+
+      while (true) {
+        chunkLength = scanner.readUInt()
+        chunkType = scanner.readBytes(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
+
+        if (chunkType == "IDAT") {
+          break
+        }
+
+        when (chunkType) {
+          "acTL" -> {
+            val data = scanner.readBytes(chunkLength.toInt())
+            scanner.skipBytes(4) // CRC
+            earlyActl = Chunk.acTL(
+              numFrames = data.sliceArray(0 until 4).toUInt(),
+              numPlays = data.sliceArray(4 until 8).toUInt()
+            )
+          }
+          "fcTL" -> {
+            val data = scanner.readBytes(chunkLength.toInt())
+            scanner.skipBytes(4) // CRC
+            earlyFctl = parseFctl(data)
+          }
+          else -> {
+            val data = scanner.readBytes(chunkLength.toInt())
+            val crc = scanner.readUInt()
+            framePrefixChunks += Chunk.ArbitraryChunk(chunkLength, chunkType, data, crc)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (earlyActl == null) {
+        throw IOException("Missing acTL chunk! Not an APNG!")
+      }
+
+      val metadata = Metadata(
+        width = ihdr.width.toInt(),
+        height = ihdr.height.toInt(),
+        numPlays = earlyActl.numPlays.toInt().takeIf { it > 0 } ?: Int.MAX_VALUE
+      )
+
+      val frames: MutableList<Frame> = mutableListOf()
+
+      // Collect all consecutive IDAT data regions -- PNG allows splitting image data across multiple IDATs.
+      // We just read the first IDAT's length + type. Data starts at the current position.
+      val idatRegions = mutableListOf<DataRegion>()
+      idatRegions += DataRegion(streamOffset = scanner.position, length = chunkLength.toLong())
+      scanner.skipBytes(chunkLength.toLong() + 4) // data + CRC
+
+      // Collect more consecutive IDATs
+      chunkLength = scanner.readUInt()
+      chunkType = scanner.readBytes(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
+      while (chunkType == "IDAT") {
+        idatRegions += DataRegion(streamOffset = scanner.position, length = chunkLength.toLong())
+        scanner.skipBytes(chunkLength.toLong() + 4) // data + CRC
+        chunkLength = scanner.readUInt()
+        chunkType = scanner.readBytes(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
+      }
+
+      if (earlyFctl != null) {
+        frames += Frame(fcTL = earlyFctl, dataRegions = idatRegions, isIdat = true)
+      }
+
+      // Now process remaining chunks: fcTL + fdAT pairs
+      // chunkLength/chunkType already hold the first non-IDAT chunk after the IDAT run
+      while (chunkType != "IEND") {
+        // Scan forward to the next fcTL
+        while (chunkType != "fcTL") {
+          scanner.skipBytes(chunkLength.toLong() + 4) // data + CRC
+          chunkLength = scanner.readUInt()
+          chunkType = scanner.readBytes(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
+          if (chunkType == "IEND") break
+        }
+
+        if (chunkType == "IEND") break
+
+        // Read the fcTL data
+        val fctlData = scanner.readBytes(chunkLength.toInt())
+        scanner.skipBytes(4) // CRC
+        val fctl = parseFctl(fctlData)
+
+        // Collect all consecutive fdAT data regions -- frames can span multiple fdATs per the spec
+        val fdatRegions = mutableListOf<DataRegion>()
+
+        chunkLength = scanner.readUInt()
+        chunkType = scanner.readBytes(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
+
+        while (chunkType == "fdAT") {
+          // fdAT data starts with 4-byte sequence number, then the actual image data
+          scanner.skipBytes(4) // sequence number
+          val imageDataLength = chunkLength.toLong() - 4
+          fdatRegions += DataRegion(streamOffset = scanner.position, length = imageDataLength)
+          scanner.skipBytes(imageDataLength + 4) // image data + CRC
+
+          chunkLength = scanner.readUInt()
+          chunkType = scanner.readBytes(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
+        }
+
+        if (fdatRegions.isNotEmpty()) {
+          frames += Frame(fcTL = fctl, dataRegions = fdatRegions, isIdat = false)
+        }
+      }
+
+      return ApngDecoder(
+        streamFactory = streamFactory,
+        metadata = metadata,
+        frames = frames,
+        ihdr = ihdr,
+        prefixChunks = framePrefixChunks
+      )
+    }
+
+    private fun parseFctl(data: ByteArray): Chunk.fcTL {
+      return Chunk.fcTL(
+        sequenceNumber = data.sliceArray(0 until 4).toUInt(),
+        width = data.sliceArray(4 until 8).toUInt(),
+        height = data.sliceArray(8 until 12).toUInt(),
+        xOffset = data.sliceArray(12 until 16).toUInt(),
+        yOffset = data.sliceArray(16 until 20).toUInt(),
+        delayNum = data.sliceArray(20 until 22).toUShort(),
+        delayDen = data.sliceArray(22 until 24).toUShort(),
+        disposeOp = when (data[24]) {
+          0.toByte() -> Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.NONE
+          1.toByte() -> Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.BACKGROUND
+          2.toByte() -> Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.PREVIOUS
+          else -> throw IOException("Invalid disposeOp: ${data[24]}")
+        },
+        blendOp = when (data[25]) {
+          0.toByte() -> Chunk.fcTL.BlendOp.SOURCE
+          1.toByte() -> Chunk.fcTL.BlendOp.OVER
+          else -> throw IOException("Invalid blendOp: ${data[25]}")
+        }
+      )
+    }
+
     private fun OutputStream.withCrc32(block: OutputStream.() -> Unit): UInt {
       return Crc32OutputStream(this)
         .apply(block)
@@ -66,136 +303,73 @@ class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
     }
   }
 
-  var metadata: Metadata? = null
+  private var currentStream: InputStream? = null
+  private var currentStreamPos: Long = 0
 
   /**
-   * So, PNG's are composed of chunks of various types. An APNG is a valid PNG on it's own, but has some extra
-   * chunks that can be read to play the animation. The chunk structure of an APNG looks something like this:
-   *
-   * ---------------------
-   * IHDR - Mandatory first chunk, contains metadata about the image (width, height, etc).
-   *
-   * [ in any order...
-   *   acTL - Contains metadata about the animation. The presence of this chunk is what tells us that we have an APNG.
-   *   fcTL - (Optional) If present, it tells us that the first IDAT chunk is part of the animation itself. Contains information about how the frame is
-   *          rendered (see below).
-   *   xxx - There are plenty of other possible chunks that can go here. We don't care about them, but we need to remember them and give them to the
-   *         PNG encoder as we create each frame. Could be critical data like what palette is used for rendering.
-   * ]
-   *
-   * IDAT - Contains the compressed image data. For an APNG, the first IDAT represents the "default" state of the image that will be shown even if the
-   *        renderer doesn't support APNGs. If an fcTL is present before this, the IDAT also represents the first frame of the animation.
-   *
-   * ( in pairs, repeated for each frame...
-   *   fcTL - This contains metadata about the frame, such as dimensions, delay, and positioning.
-   *   fdAT - This contains the actual frame data that we want to render.
-   * )
-   *
-   * xxx - There are other possible chunks that could be placed after the animation sequence but before the end of the file. Usually things like tEXt chunks
-   *       that contain metadata and whatnot. They're not important.
-   * IEND - Mandatory last chunk. Marks the end of the file.
-   * ---------------------
-   *
-   * We need to read and recognize a subset of these chunks that tell us how the APNG is structured. However, the actual encoding/decoding of the PNG data
-   * can be done by the system. We just need to parse out all of the frames and other metadata in order to render the animation.
+   * Decodes the frame at the given index by streaming from the source.
+   * For sequential access (the normal case), this just reads forward from the current position.
+   * When looping back to an earlier frame, the stream is reopened.
    */
-  fun debugGetAllFrames(): List<Frame> {
-    // Read the magic bytes to verify that this is a PNG
-    val magic = inputStream.readNBytesOrThrow(8)
-    if (!magic.contentEquals(PNG_MAGIC)) {
-      throw IllegalArgumentException("Not a PNG!")
+  @WorkerThread
+  fun decodeFrame(index: Int): Bitmap {
+    val frame = frames[index]
+    val regions = frame.dataRegions
+    val targetOffset = regions.first().streamOffset
+
+    if (currentStream == null || currentStreamPos > targetOffset) {
+      currentStream?.close()
+      currentStream = streamFactory()
+      currentStreamPos = 0
     }
 
-    // The IHDR chunk is the first chunk in a PNG file and contains metadata about the image.
-    // Per spec it must appear first, so if it's missing the file is invalid.
-    val ihdr = inputStream.readChunk() ?: throw IOException("Missing IHDR chunk!")
-    if (ihdr !is Chunk.IHDR) {
-      throw IOException("First chunk is not IHDR!")
+    val stream = currentStream!!
+
+    // Skip forward to the first data region
+    val toSkip = targetOffset - currentStreamPos
+    if (toSkip > 0) {
+      stream.skipNBytesOrThrow(toSkip)
+      currentStreamPos = targetOffset
     }
 
-    // Next, we want to read all of the chunks up to the first IDAT chunk.
-    // The first IDAT chunk represents the default image, and possibly the first frame the animation (depending on the presence of an fcTL chunk).
-    // In order for this to be a valid APNG, there _must_ be an acTL chunk before the first IDAT chunk.
-    val framePrefixChunks: MutableList<Chunk.ArbitraryChunk> = mutableListOf()
-    var earlyActl: Chunk.acTL? = null
-    var earlyFctl: Chunk.fcTL? = null
+    // Read all data regions for this frame
+    val totalDataSize = regions.sumOf { it.length.toInt() }
+    val frameData = ByteArray(totalDataSize)
+    var writeOffset = 0
 
-    var chunk = inputStream.readChunk()
-    while (chunk != null && chunk !is Chunk.IDAT) {
-      when (chunk) {
-        is Chunk.acTL -> earlyActl = chunk
-        is Chunk.fcTL -> earlyFctl = chunk
-        is Chunk.ArbitraryChunk -> framePrefixChunks += chunk
-        else -> throw IOException("Unexpected chunk type before IDAT: $chunk")
-      }
-      chunk = inputStream.readChunk()
-    }
-
-    if (chunk == null) {
-      throw EOFException("Hit the end of the file before we hit an IDAT!")
-    }
-
-    if (earlyActl == null) {
-      throw IOException("Missing acTL chunk! Not an APNG!")
-    }
-
-    metadata = Metadata(
-      width = ihdr.width.toInt(),
-      height = ihdr.height.toInt(),
-      numPlays = earlyActl.numPlays.toInt().takeIf { it > 0 } ?: Int.MAX_VALUE
-    )
-
-    // Collect all consecutive IDAT chunks -- PNG allows splitting image data across multiple IDATs
-    val idatData = ByteArrayOutputStream()
-    idatData.write((chunk as Chunk.IDAT).data)
-    chunk = inputStream.readChunk()
-    while (chunk is Chunk.IDAT) {
-      idatData.write(chunk.data)
-      chunk = inputStream.readChunk()
-    }
-
-    val frames: MutableList<Frame> = mutableListOf()
-
-    if (earlyFctl != null) {
-      val allIdatData = idatData.toByteArray()
-      val pngData = encodePng(ihdr, framePrefixChunks, allIdatData.size.toUInt(), allIdatData)
-      frames += Frame(pngData, earlyFctl)
-    }
-
-    // chunk already points to the first non-IDAT chunk from the collection loop above
-    while (chunk != null && chunk !is Chunk.IEND) {
-      while (chunk != null && chunk !is Chunk.fcTL) {
-        chunk = inputStream.readChunk()
+    for (region in regions) {
+      // Skip to this region if needed (handles gaps between consecutive chunks)
+      val regionSkip = region.streamOffset - currentStreamPos
+      if (regionSkip > 0) {
+        stream.skipNBytesOrThrow(regionSkip)
+        currentStreamPos = region.streamOffset
       }
 
-      if (chunk == null) {
-        break
+      var read = 0
+      val regionLength = region.length.toInt()
+      while (read < regionLength) {
+        val n = stream.read(frameData, writeOffset + read, regionLength - read)
+        if (n == -1) throw IOException("Unexpected end of stream reading frame $index")
+        read += n
       }
+      currentStreamPos += region.length
+      writeOffset += regionLength
 
-      if (chunk !is Chunk.fcTL) {
-        throw IOException("Expected an fcTL chunk, got $chunk instead!")
-      }
-      val fctl: Chunk.fcTL = chunk
-
-      chunk = inputStream.readChunk()
-
-      if (chunk !is Chunk.fdAT) {
-        throw IOException("Expected an fdAT chunk, got $chunk instead!")
-      }
-
-      // Collect all consecutive fdAT chunks -- frames can span multiple fdATs per the spec
-      val fdatData = ByteArrayOutputStream()
-      while (chunk is Chunk.fdAT) {
-        fdatData.write(chunk.data)
-        chunk = inputStream.readChunk()
-      }
-      val allFdatData = fdatData.toByteArray()
-
-      val pngData = encodePng(ihdr.copy(width = fctl.width, height = fctl.height), framePrefixChunks, allFdatData.size.toUInt(), allFdatData)
-      frames += Frame(pngData, fctl)
+      // Skip the CRC after this chunk's data
+      stream.skipNBytesOrThrow(4)
+      currentStreamPos += 4
     }
 
-    return frames
+    // Encode as a standalone PNG and decode to bitmap
+    val frameIhdr = if (frame.isIdat) ihdr else ihdr.copy(width = frame.fcTL.width, height = frame.fcTL.height)
+    val pngData = encodePng(frameIhdr, prefixChunks, totalDataSize.toUInt(), frameData)
+    return BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(pngData, 0, pngData.size)
+      ?: throw IOException("Failed to decode frame bitmap")
+  }
+
+  override fun close() {
+    currentStream?.close()
+    currentStream = null
   }
 
   private fun encodePng(ihdr: Chunk.IHDR, prefixChunks: List<Chunk.ArbitraryChunk>, dataLength: UInt, data: ByteArray): ByteArray {
@@ -246,7 +420,37 @@ class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
     this.writeUInt(chunk.crc)
   }
 
-  // TODO private
+  /**
+   * Tracks position while reading through a stream during the metadata scan.
+   */
+  private class StreamScanner(private val inputStream: InputStream) {
+    var position: Long = 0
+      private set
+
+    fun readBytes(n: Int): ByteArray {
+      val bytes = inputStream.readNBytesOrThrow(n)
+      position += n
+      return bytes
+    }
+
+    fun readUInt(): UInt {
+      return readBytes(4).toUInt()
+    }
+
+    fun skipBytes(n: Long) {
+      inputStream.skipNBytesOrThrow(n)
+      position += n
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A region of data within the stream, identified by its byte offset and length.
+   */
+  class DataRegion(
+    val streamOffset: Long,
+    val length: Long
+  )
+
   sealed class Chunk {
     /**
      * Contains metadata about the overall image. Must appear first.
@@ -265,11 +469,6 @@ class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
       }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Contains the actual compressed PNG image data. For an APNG, the IDAT chunk represents the default image and possibly the first frame of the animation.
-     */
-    class IDAT(val length: UInt, val data: ByteArray) : Chunk()
-
     /**
      * Marks the end of the file.
      */
@@ -333,20 +532,9 @@ class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
       }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Contains the actual compressed image data for a single frame of the animation. Appears after each fcTL chunk.
-     * The contents of [data] are actually an [IDAT] chunk, meaning that to decode the frame, we can just bolt metadata to the front of the file and hand
-     * it off to the system decoder.
-     */
-    class fdAT(
-      val length: UInt,
-      val sequenceNumber: UInt,
-      val data: ByteArray
-    ) : Chunk()
-
     /**
      * Represents a PNG chunk that we don't care about because it's not APNG-specific.
-     * We still have to remember it and give it the PNG encoder as we create each frame, but we don't need to understand it.
+     * We still have to remember it and give it to the PNG encoder as we create each frame, but we don't need to understand it.
      */
     class ArbitraryChunk(
       val length: UInt,
@@ -360,16 +548,19 @@ class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Lightweight frame descriptor. Contains only the fcTL metadata and byte offsets
+   * ([dataRegions]) pointing into the stream where the compressed image data lives.
+   * No image data is held in memory.
+   *
+   * [isIdat] is true when this frame's data comes from IDAT chunks (the default image),
+   * meaning the IHDR dimensions should be used as-is rather than the fcTL dimensions.
+   */
   class Frame(
-    val pngData: ByteArray,
-    val fcTL: Chunk.fcTL
-  ) {
-    @WorkerThread
-    fun decodeBitmap(): Bitmap {
-      return BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(pngData, 0, pngData.size)
-        ?: throw IOException("Failed to decode frame bitmap")
-    }
-  }
+    val fcTL: Chunk.fcTL,
+    val dataRegions: List<DataRegion>,
+    val isIdat: Boolean
+  )
 
   class Metadata(
     val width: Int,
@@ -377,83 +568,3 @@ class ApngDecoder(val inputStream: InputStream) {
     val numPlays: Int
   )
 }
-
-private fun InputStream.readChunk(): ApngDecoder.Chunk? {
-  try {
-    val length: UInt = this.readUInt()
-    val type: String = this.readNBytesOrThrow(4).toString(Charsets.US_ASCII)
-    val data = this.readNBytesOrThrow(length.toInt())
-    val dataCrc = CRC32().also { it.update(type.toByteArray(Charsets.US_ASCII)) }.also { it.update(data) }.value
-    val targetCrc = this.readUInt().toLong()
-
-    if (dataCrc != targetCrc) {
-      return null
-    }
-
-    return when (type) {
-      "IHDR" -> {
-        ApngDecoder.Chunk.IHDR(
-          width = data.sliceArray(0 until 4).toUInt(),
-          height = data.sliceArray(4 until 8).toUInt(),
-          bitDepth = data[8],
-          colorType = data[9],
-          compressionMethod = data[10],
-          filterMethod = data[11],
-          interlaceMethod = data[12]
-        )
-      }
-
-      "IDAT" -> {
-        ApngDecoder.Chunk.IDAT(length, data)
-      }
-
-      "IEND" -> {
-        ApngDecoder.Chunk.IEND
-      }
-
-      "acTL" -> {
-        ApngDecoder.Chunk.acTL(
-          numFrames = data.sliceArray(0 until 4).toUInt(),
-          numPlays = data.sliceArray(4 until 8).toUInt()
-        )
-      }
-
-      "fcTL" -> {
-        ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL(
-          sequenceNumber = data.sliceArray(0 until 4).toUInt(),
-          width = data.sliceArray(4 until 8).toUInt(),
-          height = data.sliceArray(8 until 12).toUInt(),
-          xOffset = data.sliceArray(12 until 16).toUInt(),
-          yOffset = data.sliceArray(16 until 20).toUInt(),
-          delayNum = data.sliceArray(20 until 22).toUShort(),
-          delayDen = data.sliceArray(22 until 24).toUShort(),
-          disposeOp = when (data[24]) {
-            0.toByte() -> ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.NONE
-            1.toByte() -> ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.BACKGROUND
-            2.toByte() -> ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.PREVIOUS
-            else -> throw IOException("Invalid disposeOp: ${data[24]}")
-          },
-          blendOp = when (data[25]) {
-            0.toByte() -> ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.BlendOp.SOURCE
-            1.toByte() -> ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.BlendOp.OVER
-            else -> throw IOException("Invalid blendOp: ${data[25]}")
-          }
-        )
-      }
-
-      "fdAT" -> {
-        ApngDecoder.Chunk.fdAT(
-          length = length,
-          sequenceNumber = data.sliceArray(0 until 4).toUInt(),
-          data = data.sliceArray(4 until data.size)
-        )
-      }
-
-      else -> {
-        ApngDecoder.Chunk.ArbitraryChunk(length, type, data, targetCrc.toInt().toUInt())
-      }
-    }
-  } catch (e: EOFException) {
-    return null
-  }
-}
diff --git a/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDrawable.kt b/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDrawable.kt
index 61f1f74e13..8d7380e286 100644
--- a/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDrawable.kt
+++ b/lib/apng/src/main/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDrawable.kt
@@ -33,25 +33,24 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
   }
 
   val currentFrame: ApngDecoder.Frame
-    get() = frames[position]
+    get() = decoder.frames[position]
   var position = 0
     private set
   val frameCount: Int
-    get() = frames.size
+    get() = decoder.frames.size
 
   var debugDrawBounds = false
   var loopForever = false
 
-  private val frames: List<ApngDecoder.Frame> = decoder.debugGetAllFrames()
   private var playCount = 0
 
   private val frameRect = Rect(0, 0, 0, 0)
 
   private var timeForNextFrame = 0L
 
-  private val activeBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(decoder.metadata?.width ?: 0, decoder.metadata?.height ?: 0, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888)
-  private val pendingBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(decoder.metadata?.width ?: 0, decoder.metadata?.height ?: 0, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888)
-  private val disposeOpBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(decoder.metadata?.width ?: 0, decoder.metadata?.height ?: 0, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888)
+  private val activeBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(decoder.metadata.width, decoder.metadata.height, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888)
+  private val pendingBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(decoder.metadata.width, decoder.metadata.height, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888)
+  private val disposeOpBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(decoder.metadata.width, decoder.metadata.height, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888)
 
   private val pendingCanvas = Canvas(pendingBitmap)
   private val activeCanvas = Canvas(activeBitmap)
@@ -71,17 +70,17 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
       return
     }
 
-    val totalPlays = decoder.metadata?.numPlays ?: Int.MAX_VALUE
+    val totalPlays = decoder.metadata.numPlays
     if (playCount >= totalPlays && !loopForever) {
       canvas.drawBitmap(activeBitmap, 0f, 0f, null)
       return
     }
 
-    val frame = frames[position]
-    drawFrame(frame)
+    val frame = decoder.frames[position]
+    drawFrame(frame, position)
     canvas.drawBitmap(activeBitmap, 0f, 0f, null)
 
-    position = (position + 1) % frames.size
+    position = (position + 1) % decoder.frames.size
     if (position == 0) {
       playCount++
     }
@@ -91,11 +90,11 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
   }
 
   override fun getIntrinsicWidth(): Int {
-    return decoder.metadata?.width ?: 0
+    return decoder.metadata.width
   }
 
   override fun getIntrinsicHeight(): Int {
-    return decoder.metadata?.height ?: 0
+    return decoder.metadata.height
   }
 
   override fun setAlpha(alpha: Int) {
@@ -110,6 +109,16 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
     return PixelFormat.OPAQUE
   }
 
+  override fun setVisible(visible: Boolean, restart: Boolean): Boolean {
+    val changed = super.setVisible(visible, restart)
+    if (visible) {
+      start()
+    } else {
+      stop()
+    }
+    return changed
+  }
+
   override fun start() {
     playing = true
     invalidateSelf()
@@ -124,30 +133,31 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
   }
 
   fun nextFrame() {
-    position = (position + 1) % frames.size
+    position = (position + 1) % decoder.frames.size
     if (position == 0) {
       playCount++
     }
-    drawFrame(frames[position])
+    drawFrame(decoder.frames[position], position)
   }
 
   fun prevFrame() {
     if (position == 0) {
-      position = frames.size - 1
+      position = decoder.frames.size - 1
       playCount--
     } else {
       position--
     }
-    drawFrame(frames[position])
+    drawFrame(decoder.frames[position], position)
   }
 
   fun recycle() {
+    decoder.close()
     activeBitmap.recycle()
     pendingBitmap.recycle()
     disposeOpBitmap.recycle()
   }
 
-  private fun drawFrame(frame: ApngDecoder.Frame) {
+  private fun drawFrame(frame: ApngDecoder.Frame, frameIndex: Int) {
     frameRect.updateBoundsFrom(frame)
 
     // If the disposeOp is PREVIOUS, then we need to save the contents of the frame before we draw into it
@@ -157,7 +167,7 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
     }
 
     // Start with a clean slate if this is the first frame
-    if (position == 0) {
+    if (frameIndex == 0) {
       pendingCanvas.drawColor(Color.TRANSPARENT, PorterDuff.Mode.CLEAR)
     }
 
@@ -174,7 +184,7 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
       }
     }
 
-    val frameBitmap = frame.decodeBitmap()
+    val frameBitmap = decoder.decodeFrame(frameIndex)
     pendingCanvas.drawBitmap(frameBitmap, frame.fcTL.xOffset.toFloat(), frame.fcTL.yOffset.toFloat(), null)
     frameBitmap.recycle()
 
@@ -198,7 +208,7 @@ class ApngDrawable(val decoder: ApngDecoder) : Drawable(), Animatable {
         // This disposeOp means we want to reset the drawing region of the frame to the content that was there before it was drawn.
 
         // Per spec, if the first frame has a disposeOp of DISPOSE_OP_PREVIOUS, we treat it as DISPOSE_OP_BACKGROUND
-        if (position == 0) {
+        if (frameIndex == 0) {
           pendingCanvas.drawRect(frameRect, CLEAR_PAINT)
         } else {
           pendingCanvas.drawRect(frameRect, CLEAR_PAINT)
diff --git a/lib/apng/src/test/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoderTest.kt b/lib/apng/src/test/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoderTest.kt
index 82a266fab4..52bce3dd29 100644
--- a/lib/apng/src/test/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoderTest.kt
+++ b/lib/apng/src/test/java/org/signal/apng/ApngDecoderTest.kt
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test01.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertEquals(1, result.frames.size)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test02.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertEquals(1, result.frames.size)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Split IDAT and fdAT --
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test05.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertEquals(1, result.frames.size)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test06.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertEquals(1, result.frames.size)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Dispose ops --
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test07.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
     assertTrue(result.frames.any { it.fcTL.disposeOp == ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.NONE })
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test08.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
     assertTrue(result.frames.any { it.fcTL.disposeOp == ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.BACKGROUND })
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test09 - DISPOSE_OP_BACKGROUND final frame`() {
     val result = decode("test09.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test10.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
     assertTrue(result.frames.any { it.fcTL.disposeOp == ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.PREVIOUS })
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test11 - DISPOSE_OP_PREVIOUS final frame`() {
     val result = decode("test11.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test12.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
     assertEquals(ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.DisposeOp.PREVIOUS, result.frames[0].fcTL.disposeOp)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Dispose ops with regions --
@@ -144,30 +144,30 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
   fun `test13 - DISPOSE_OP_NONE in region`() {
     val result = decode("test13.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    val subFrame = result.frames.find { it.fcTL.width != result.metadata!!.width.toUInt() || it.fcTL.height != result.metadata!!.height.toUInt() }
+    val subFrame = result.frames.find { it.fcTL.width != result.metadata.width.toUInt() || it.fcTL.height != result.metadata.height.toUInt() }
     assertNotNull("Expected at least one sub-region frame", subFrame)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test14 - DISPOSE_OP_BACKGROUND before region`() {
     val result = decode("test14.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test15 - DISPOSE_OP_BACKGROUND in region`() {
     val result = decode("test15.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test16 - DISPOSE_OP_PREVIOUS in region`() {
     val result = decode("test16.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Blend ops --
@@ -177,21 +177,21 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test17.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
     assertTrue(result.frames.any { it.fcTL.blendOp == ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.BlendOp.SOURCE })
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test18 - BLEND_OP_SOURCE on transparent colour`() {
     val result = decode("test18.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test19 - BLEND_OP_SOURCE on nearly-transparent colour`() {
     val result = decode("test19.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -199,14 +199,14 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test20.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
     assertTrue(result.frames.any { it.fcTL.blendOp == ApngDecoder.Chunk.fcTL.BlendOp.OVER })
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test21 - BLEND_OP_OVER repeatedly with nearly-transparent colours`() {
     val result = decode("test21.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.size >= 2)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Blending and gamma --
@@ -215,14 +215,14 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
   fun `test22 - BLEND_OP_OVER with gamma`() {
     val result = decode("test22.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test23 - BLEND_OP_OVER with gamma nearly black`() {
     val result = decode("test23.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Chunk ordering --
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("test24.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Delays --
@@ -297,19 +297,19 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
   @Test
   fun `test30 - num_plays 0 means infinite`() {
     val result = decode("test30.png")
-    assertEquals(Int.MAX_VALUE, result.metadata!!.numPlays)
+    assertEquals(Int.MAX_VALUE, result.metadata.numPlays)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test31 - num_plays 1`() {
     val result = decode("test31.png")
-    assertEquals(1, result.metadata!!.numPlays)
+    assertEquals(1, result.metadata.numPlays)
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test32 - num_plays 2`() {
     val result = decode("test32.png")
-    assertEquals(2, result.metadata!!.numPlays)
+    assertEquals(2, result.metadata.numPlays)
   }
 
   // -- Other color depths and types --
@@ -318,42 +318,42 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
   fun `test33 - 16-bit colour`() {
     val result = decode("test33.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test34 - 8-bit greyscale`() {
     val result = decode("test34.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test35 - 8-bit greyscale and alpha with blending`() {
     val result = decode("test35.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test36 - 2-color palette`() {
     val result = decode("test36.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test37 - 2-bit palette and alpha`() {
     val result = decode("test37.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
   fun `test38 - 1-bit palette and alpha with blending`() {
     val result = decode("test38.png")
     assertTrue(result.frames.isNotEmpty())
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Real-world samples --
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("ball.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertTrue(result.frames.size > 1)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("clock.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertTrue(result.frames.size > 1)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     val result = decode("elephant.png")
     assertNotNull(result.metadata)
     assertTrue(result.frames.size > 1)
-    result.frames.forEach { assertNotNull(it.decodeBitmap()) }
+    result.frames.forEachIndexed { i, _ -> assertNotNull(result.decoder.decodeFrame(i)) }
   }
 
   // -- Helpers --
@@ -390,9 +390,8 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
   }
 
   private fun decode(filename: String): DecodeResult {
-    val decoder = ApngDecoder(open(filename))
-    val frames = decoder.debugGetAllFrames()
-    return DecodeResult(decoder.metadata, frames)
+    val decoder = ApngDecoder.create { open(filename) }
+    return DecodeResult(decoder, decoder.metadata, decoder.frames)
   }
 
   private val ApngDecoder.Frame.delayMs: Long
@@ -403,7 +402,8 @@ class ApngDecoderTest {
     }
 
   private data class DecodeResult(
-    val metadata: ApngDecoder.Metadata?,
+    val decoder: ApngDecoder,
+    val metadata: ApngDecoder.Metadata,
     val frames: List<ApngDecoder.Frame>
   )
 }